Consumers may soon be able to access $14,000 or more of federal rebates for making energy-efficient upgrades to their home.

But just how soon will vary by state — and some may opt not to make the funds available at all.

The rebates are part of the Inflation Reduction Act, which earmarked $369 billion in spending for policies to fight climate change, amounting to the biggest piece of climate legislation in U.S. history. President Joe Biden signed the measure into law in August 2022.

The IRA devotes a total of $8.8 billion for two initiatives: the Home Efficiency Rebates program (which offers up to $8,000) and the Home Electrification and Appliance Rebates program (up to $14,000).

In essence, they are consumer discounts to cover the partial, or in some cases full, cost of home-efficiency projects like installing insulation or an electric heat pump or buying electric Energy Star appliances.

The rebates are generally designed to be delivered at the point of sale, from a retailer or contractor. Their value varies depending on factors like project expense, household income and total energy savings.

“It’s a first-of-its-kind program,” said Kara Saul Rinaldi, CEO and founder of AnnDyl Policy Group. “We’ve never had federal rebates like them before.”

States, which will administer the funds, must apply to the U.S. Department of Energy to receive their allocated grants. The application window opened July 27 when the DOE issued guidance to state energy offices on program design.

How soon the money might start flowing to consumers is unclear, however.

The earliest adopters may be able to implement their respective programs and begin issuing rebates near the end of 2023, but most will likely do so next year, according to federal officials and energy-policy experts.

“Exact timing will vary across programs, but generally DOE expects households to be able to access these rebates in much of the country in 2024,” Amanda Finney, a U.S. Energy Department spokesperson, explained in an e-mail.

One state, Florida, has publicly signaled it doesn’t intend to apply for its $346 million of allocated federal funds. (Only California and Texas have a higher state allocation.) It’s unclear if other states will bow out as well.

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The Inflation Reduction Act lets states use a share of their federal grant to administer the rebate programs (to hire staff, for example). Republican Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, a 2024 presidential contender, vetoed the state’s authority to spend that administrative funding, which totaled about $5 million, according to a spokesperson for the state’s Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.

As a result, the state isn’t applying for the federal rebates. It’s unclear if that stance will change if the administrative funding becomes available later, the spokesperson said.

Finney, the U.S. Energy Department spokesperson, said the Florida Energy Office hasn’t “formally notified” the Biden administration of its intent to decline the funds.

DeSantis has described certain environmental measures — like investing in companies that emit fewer greenhouse- gas emissions — as “woke,” an oft-used Republican critique of progressive policy.

The IRA narrowly passed the House and Senate, without one GOP vote. The law is a centerpiece of the Biden administration’s goals to slash greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

“I think that politics [may] come into play, and if it does then it means funds would need to be redistributed to the other states,” AnnDyl Policy Group’s Rinaldi said on a recent Building Performance Association press call about the rebate programs.

States have an Aug. 16, 2024, deadline to notify the U.S. Energy Department if they intend to participate. Applications are due by Jan. 31, 2025.

Declined funds would then be redistributed.

With some exceptions, it’s unlikely consumers can claim funds in both rebate programs due to rules against double-dipping, experts said. However, consumers may be able to pair rebates with certain clean energy tax credits, which are currently available.

“You can get tax credits even if the state [rebate] program isn’t in place yet,” said Jennifer Amann, a senior fellow in the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy’s buildings program.

Historically, such clean energy tax breaks have largely accrued to higher income households — who are more likely to have a tax liability and therefore benefit from the tax credits, which are nonrefundable. But lower earners can pair the new rebates with existing programs like the federal Weatherization Assistance Program.

By “stacking” rebates with other incentives, low earners can get more than $22,000 in potential support from the federal government, according to an analysis by the AnnDyl Policy Group. Middle-income households can get up to about $19,000, and higher earners can receive over $7,200, the analysis found.

Additional efficiency incentives may be available from local utilities, experts said.

The associated rebate income limits vary by region. They’re pegged to an area’s median income, as defined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

“Low-income households” are those that earn 80% or less of the area’s typical income. Those with “moderate” incomes earn 80% to 150%; “market rate” households have income exceeding 150%.

For more information, the U.S. Energy Department published lists of frequently asked questions about the rebate programs and clean energy tax credits.